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Milling
Milling is basic machining process in which the surface is generated by the progressive formation and removal of chips of material from the workpiece as it is fed to a rotating cutter in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cutter. In some cases the workpiece is stationary and the cutter is fed to the work. In most instances a multiple- tooth cutter is used to that the metal removal rate is high, and frequently the desired surface is obtained in a single pass of the work.
The tool used in milling is known as a milling cutter. It usually consists of a cylindrical body which rotates on its axis and contains equally spaced peripheral teeth that intermittently engage and cut the workpiece (see Figure 22-4). In some cases the teeth extent part way across one or both ends of the cylinder.
Because the milling principle provides rapid metal removal and can produce good surface finish, it is particularly well- suited foe mass- production work, and excellent milling machines have been developed for this purpose. However, very accurate and versatile milling machines of a general- purpose nature also have been developed that are widely used in job- shop and tool and die work. A shop that is equipped with a milling machine and an engine lathe machine almost any type of product of suitable size.
Types of milling operation
. Milling operations can be classified into two broad categories, each of which has several variations:
In peripheral milling a surface is generated by teeth located in the periphery of the cutter body; the surface is parallel with the axis of rotation of the cutter. Both flat and formed surface can be produced by this method. The cross section of the resulting surface corresponds to the axial contour of the cutter. This procedure often is called slab milling.
In face milling the generated flat surface is at right angles to the cutter axis and is the combined result of the actions of the portions of the teeth located on both the periphery and the face of the cutter. The major portion of the cutting is done by the peripheral portions of the teeth with the face portions providing a finishing action.
The basic concepts of peripheral and face milling are illustrated in Figure 22-1. Peripheral milling operations usually are performed on machines having horizontal spindles, whereas face milling is done on both horizontal-and vertical- spindle machin
es
Surface generation in milling
. Surfaces can be generated in milling by the two distinctly different methods depicted in Figure 22-2. Note that in up milling the cutter rotates against the direction of feed of the workpiece, whereas in down milling the rotation is in the same direction as the feed. As shown in Figures 22-2 and 22-3, the method of chip formation is quite different in the two cases. In up milling the chip is very thin at the beginning, where the tooth first contacts the work, and increases in thickness, becoming a maximum where the tooth leaves the work. The cutter tends to push the work along and lift it upward from the table. This action tends to eliminate any effect of looseness in the feed screw and nut of the milling machine table and results in a smooth cut. However, the action also tends to loosen the work from the clamping device so that greater clamping forces must be employed. In addition, the smoothness of the generated surface depends greatly on the sharpness of the cutting edges.
In down milling, maximum chip thickness occurs close to the point at which the tooth contacts the work. Because the relative motion tends to pull the workpiece into the cutter, all possibility of looseness in the table feed screw must be eliminated if down milling is to be used. It should never be attempted on machines that are not designed for this type of milling. Inasmuch as the material yields in approximately a tangential direction at the end of the tooth engagement, there is much less tendency for the machined surface to show tooth marks than when up milling is used.
Another considerable advantage of down milling is that the cutting force tends to hold the work against the machine table, permitting lower clamping forces to beemployed. This is articularlyadvantageous when milling thin workpieces or when taking heavy cuts.
Sometimes a disadvantage of down milling is that the cutter teeth strike against the surface of the work at the beginning of each chip. When the workpiece has a hard surface, such as castings do, this may cause the teeth to dull rapidly.
Milling Cutters
Milling cutters can be classified in several easy. One method is to group them into two broad classes, based on tooth relief, as follows:
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